Classification Of Microprocessors

A central processing unit consisting of one or a few large scale integrated circuits. These circuits perform the functions of control components and arithmetic logic components. Microprocessors can perform operations such as fetching and executing instructions, as well as exchanging information with external memory and logic components. They are the operational control part of microcomputers. It can be combined with memory and peripheral circuit chips to form a microcomputer.

Internal structure of microprocessor

A 16 bit microprocessor can be divided into two parts, one is the execution unit (EU), which is the part that executes instructions; The other part is the Bus Interface Unit (BIU), which is connected to the 8086 bus and performs the operation of fetching instructions from memory. After the microprocessor is divided into EU and BIU, it can overlap the operations of fetching and executing instructions. The EU section has a register stack consisting of 8 16 bit registers, which can be used to store data, index and stack pointers, perform arithmetic operations and logical operations by the arithmetic operation logic unit (ALU), and indicate the conditions under which the registers register the results of these operations. These components in the execution components transmit data through the data bus. The bus interface component also has a register stack, where CS, DS, SS, and ES are segmented registers for storage space segmentation. IP is an instruction pointer. The internal communication register is also a register that temporarily stores data. Instruction queue is the storage of pre fetched instruction streams. The bus interface component also has an address adder that adds the segmented register value and offset value to obtain a 20 bit physical address. The data and address are connected to the external 8086 system bus through bus control logic. 8086 has a 16 bit data bus, and when the processor and off chip transmit data, it transmits 16 bit binary numbers at once. 8086 has a primary pipeline structure that allows for the overlap of on chip and off chip operations.

Classification of microprocessors

According to the application fields of microprocessors, they can be roughly divided into three categories: general-purpose high-performance microprocessors, embedded microprocessors and digital signal processors, and microcontrollers. Generally speaking, general-purpose processors pursue high performance and are used to run general-purpose software, equipped with complete and complex operating systems; Embedded microprocessors emphasize the high performance of handling specific application problems, mainly used to run specialized programs for specific fields, equipped with lightweight operating systems, and mainly used in consumer appliances such as cellular phones and CD players; Microcontrollers are relatively low in price and have the largest demand in the microprocessor market, mainly used for automatic control equipment in fields such as automobiles, air conditioning, and automation.